continuation of list

AESTHETICISM:

·         It was a European Phenomenon.

·         Started in the Latter half of the 19^th century.

·         Head quarters at France.

·         It started due to the opposition of the dominance of scientific thinking and middle class’ indifference to accept arts for its own sake.

·         The middle class of the time wanted art to teach moral values.

·         “L’art pour L’ art “ – “Art for Art’s sake” Motto of the movement.

·         First roots of aestheticism found in the work of Imanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgement (1790)

·         Pure aesthetics -  disinterested contemplation

·         “Art is useless “ commented by Theophile Gautier in his work Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835)

·         Aestheticism developed by Baudelaire in France

·         In English it was introduced by Walter Pater – Emphasised high artifice and stylistic subtelity.

·         Baudelaire was greatly influenced by Edgar Allen Poe.

·         “The Poetic Principle” (1850) written by Edgar Allen Poe.

·         Flaubert, Mallarme took up Poe’s views.

·         Artist representing a priest who renounces the practical concerns of ordinary existence in the service of “the Religion of Beauty” – Flaubert.

·         The Renaissance (1873) by Walter Pater.

·         Works:

Ø  “Artistic adventure” (1945) by William Gaunt.

Ø  “Romantic Image” (1957) by Franc

Ø  “From Gautier to Elliot” (1960) by Enid Starkie.

Ø  “Aestheticism” (1969) R.V. Johnson.

Ø  “The Aesthetes: A Sourcebook (1979) by Ian Small.

Ø  Strangeness and Beauty: The Anthology of Aesthetic criticism (1840-1960) by Warner and Graham Hogh.

Ø  Aesthetic and Decadence: A Selective Anotable Bibliography (1977) by Linda C. Dowling.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS FOR NET EXAMS - ENGLISH

Objective type questions for june 2012 according to literary terms by MH Abrams.

The Theatre of the Absurd

·         Ubu the King was written by Alfred Jarry (1896)

·         The Trial, Metamorphoses are written by Franz Kafka.

·         Absurd Literature as a movement emerged in France during the II world war.

·         It was a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture.

·         Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus are existential philosophers.

·         The Myth of Sysiphus was written by Albert Camus in the year 1942.

·         The French author of “The Bald Suprano” (1949) and “The Lesson” (1951) is Eugene Ionesco.

·         “Man is lost” in the present day world is famous comment by Eugene Ionesco.

·         Samuel Becket was an Irish man.

·         Samuel Becket wrote in French and translated to English many of his works.

·         Waiting for Godot written by Becket was published in the year 1954.

·         End Game and Malone dies (Becket’s Prose work) was written during the year 1958.

·         Absurd dramatic form rejected: Realistic setting, Logical reasoning and Coherently evolving plot.

·         ”Nothing Happens, Nobody comes, Nobody goes. Its Awful” isa famous line from the play Waiting for Godot.

·         The two Tramps in Waiting for Godot is Vladimir (Didi) and Estragon (gogo).

·         The Unnameable is a prose fiction written by Samuel Becket during the year 1960.

·         Malone dies and the unnameable represents antihero concept.

·         Jean Genet combined absurdism and diabolism

·         Harold Pinter is an Englishman whereas Albee is an American.

·         “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead” is a famous play written by Tom Stoppard in the year 1966.

·         Travesties (1974) written by Tom Stoppard.

·         Black Comedy is also a tragic Farce.

·         Some major works of black comedy are :

Ø  Catch 22 by Joseph Heller (1961)

Ø  V by Thomas Pynchon (1963)

Ø  The World According to Garp by John Irving (1978)

Ø  Dr. Strange love is a black comedy cinema written by Stanley Kubric.

·         "Largo Desolato” was written by the Czech writer Vaclav Havel in the year 1987.

·         “The Island” (1973) is a collaborative work by South African writers Athol Fugard, John Kani, Winston Nishona.

·         Some other famous works:

Ø  The Theatre of the Absurd (1966) (word coined also) by Martin Esslin.

Ø  The Blasphemers: The heater of Brecht, Ionesco, Becket and Genet (1965) is written by David Grossvogel.

Ø  The absurd (1969) by Arnold P. Hinchcliffe.

Ø  Black Humor Fiction of the sixties (1980) is written by Max F. Schultz.

Ø  Around the absurd essays on Modern and Postmodern drama (1990) edited by Ruby Cohn and Enoch Brates.

ACT:

·         Acts in a play were introduced by the Elizabethan writers in English Literature.

·         They copied it from Ancient Roman Plays which had 5 acts.

·         Anton Chekhov and Henry Ibsen made it into four Acts. Modern Plays have ranging from one to as much as five.

·         Proscenium arch frames the front of the stage.